The focus of this website is Biblical Theology and Biblical Studies and how these fields interface with contemporary Christian faith. Although I certainly hope that some of what is expressed here will be persuasive to some readers, my intention is not to debate but to continue conversations on matters that I feel are very important. Read more >>>

Dr. Peter Enns

This is my final response to Waltke’s “Interaction with Peter Enns” (WTJ 71 [2009]: 115-28). You can find download my detailed response to the introduction to Waltke’s critique here (PDF). By this point, I am sure only a chosen few stalwart types remain tuned in to this interaction. I will not belabor the point further with numerous posts. Rather, all of my thoughts on Waltke’s exegetical points are posted here in one PDF document (link at end of this post). Those who feel interested in pursuing this matter further need only click.

In some cases, my exegetical disagreements with Waltke are simply in-house, intramural matters that are not relevant to the issue of the nature of Scripture (e.g., Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Job, and others). In other cases, the exegetical differences stem from the more programmatic differences between us outlined in the first series of posts. On those issues, I remain of the opinion that what is needed is not the reassertion of doctrinal prolegomena but a re-examination of hermeneutical foundations. In this exchange between Waltke and me, that re-examination has barely begun, but it has begun, in my opinion. No one in this debate—Waltke, me, or anyone else—is free of blind spots.

Our handling of Scripture is never pure, never free of some bias (which was one of my major points against Waltke in my first response, where he claimed exegetical objectivity). For people like Waltke, me, and many, many others trained in the rich, complex, and challenging world of biblical studies, there is always some conversation going on in our heads between the methods we employ and the theological circles we call home. As the past several generations of evangelical scholarship have amply demonstrated, this internal conversation has brought tremendous progress in our understanding of the Bible, but not without some significant theological tensions.

The problem is that these tensions are often seen as (1) wholly destructive, and (2) the “fault” of biblical scholarship. Both assertions are false. Challenges to accepted structures of thinking create tensions, but this is not necessarily simply “destructive” of some erstwhile pure system of thought. Tension, however uncomfortable, is the place where growth and progress flourish. Moreover, the fault may not lie with the challenging nature of biblical scholarship so much as with the inflexibility of theological systems.

I have said this on other occasions and it bears repeating: the tensions in conservative American Christianity that began in earnest in the 19th century were not so much “caused” by higher-critical scholarship, but by the clash of some very legitimate newer insights into the Bible (e.g., pentateuchal authorship, the ANE background to Genesis, etc., etc., etc.) with older theological paradigms that were not suited to address these newer insights. I understand that the matter is a bit more complicated than I lay out here, but the general contours are clear to me. The resulting liberal/fundamentalist divide was perhaps an inevitable perfect storm, but neither option does justice to the rich possibilities before us.

If I may continue a rather reductionistic analysis (which is not accurate on the level of historical analysis, but is alive and well, nonetheless—indeed, perpetuated—in some popular circles): liberals looked at our developing knowledge of the ancient world of the Bible and said “A ha, I told you. The Bible is nothing special. Israelite religion is just like any other ancient faith. You conservatives need to get over yourselves.” The fundamentalist response was (fingers firmly planted in ears) “La la la la la la, I do not hear you. There may be a millimeter of insight in some of what you are saying, but if what you are saying is true, our theology—which is the sure truth of Scripture, handed down through the ages—is false, and that is unthinkable.”

Battle lines were drawn rather than theological and hermeneutical principles reassessed.

I am drawing out this point somewhat because I am hoping that this exchange with Waltke can be seen, on both our parts, as a conscious attempt not to repeat past mistakes of drawing lines in the sand prematurely and so encourage yet another “battle for the Bible.” It may be time, as my teen-age daughter tells me, to “seriously chill” (I need to remind her of what an oxymoron is) and ask afresh, with now several generations of mountains of data and reflection behind us, “What is our Bible, anyway? What is it here for? What do we do with it? What is it prepared to say? What does it mean to handle it properly?”

For some, I am sure, these are a discouraging, unnecessary, or heretical set of questions to be asking. For others, they offer a cool breeze of possibility that neither God not his word can be so easily captured to do our bidding. This, at least, is what I am aiming at in these exchanges with Waltke. It is not a competition between us, to see who can bench press more, academically speaking, and impress those watching. We are each trying to explain why our Bible looks and acts the way it does. Each of our paradigms offers explanatory power while also being the fruit of exegetical work, and that hermeneutical circle is irrevocably unavoidable regardless of where you land on individual issues. At the end of the day, it is the paradigm that is deemed most coherent and persuasive in explaining our Bible that will rise to the surface (see my article “Some Thoughts on Theological Exegesis of The Old Testament: Toward a Viable Model of Biblical Coherence and Relevance“), provided we are ready and willing to allow our own thoughts on the matter to be challenged along the way.

Read Final Reponse to Bruce Waltke: The OT and Theological Diversity and the OT in its interpretation in the NT

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Below is the eighth and final of several posts continuing the exchange between Bruce Waltke and me, posted earlier on this site, that first appeared in the Westminster Theological Journal. Click here to read Waltke’s follow-up to that exchange (PDF), which has already appeared in the latest issue of WTJ (and is also posted here with permission.)

This completes my responses to the Introduction of Waltke’s critique. All eight parts are now published  as one document in PDF form under the I&I tab on this site (or download directly here).

Read Part One of my response here.

Read Part Two of my response here.

Read Part Three of my response here

Read Part Four of my response here

Read Parts Five & Six of my response here

Read Part Seven of my response here

Here is part eight of my response to Waltke’s follow-up piece:

My Model Destabilizes Students’ Faith

I reject the blanket criticism that an incarnational model, however assertively it is offered, destabilizes faith. It certainly can do so, but in those cases we would do well to consider how those very students might have been set up for a fall by being ill-prepared to deal with the data. (For example, someone’s faith will indeed be shaken if they encounter the synoptic problem after being told that God’s word must be historically accurate in every detail lest it no longer be the word of God.)

What of those whose faith is not shaken but affirmed and strengthened because of an incarnational model? Do they count for nothing? Or is their newly strengthened faith on the basis of this faulty theological model simply more evidence of how far lost they are and in need of correction?

I also do not believe that there is a great unwashed mass of ignorant people out there who are so easily swayed by me, Waltke, or anyone else. I have found that students and readers are pretty clever, if also a bit resilient. They do not live in isolation from the world, are not immune to its challenges, and they are certainly not looking to the scholarly world to do their thinking for them.

I have had this same conversation many times before, once with Waltke himself about five years ago (and I do not presume that he should remember). It is true that exposure to developments in modern scholarship can shake people’s faith, but that does not mean they should be shielded from them. Rather what needs to happen is that scholars like Waltke should be offering students alternate theological paradigms that are equipped to address the data. People lose their faith for all sorts of reasons. One of those reasons, easily documented but not often discussed, is the inflexibile and outmoded answers given to real and difficult problems.

As I have said in other contexts and to Waltke several years ago, I understand people’s faith can be shaken by what I am advocating (as they can by things Waltke advocates about Isaiah, evolution, etc.). But I am as concerned about people whose faith has already been shaken because of bad answers they have gotten to good and necessary questions.

I have a folder (electronic and paper) of people who used to be Christians but are now atheists, or were evangelical and now don’t know what they are, not because of people like me, but because the only options open to them when they encountered the world of modern biblical scholarship was “you either believe the Bible or you believe the critics.” This is an absurd dichotomy. To those knowledgeable about the very real and difficult challenges presented by biblical scholarship, and who are presented with these two options, there is no contest: the critics win. The question is whether these are the only two options available.

Both Waltke and I would agree that there are other options open to us that move beyond this dichotomy. We disagree on the best path to take. My main point in all of this is that the challenges we face in the present moment—and have been facing for generations—will not be settled without rethinking how persuasive past approaches have been.

It is regularly observed that the kinds of issues being raised by me and others are issues that have “already been settled” in evangelical scholarship, and so need no reexamination. Rather, what is required is to get in line. Yet, the same issues keep coming up regularly among evangelicals on both the popular and academic levels. The question is why. I realize that will be answered differently by different people, but the question is valid, even urgent. Neither “side” is going away, and unless the matter is addressed constructively, divisions will be exacerbated. For those of us who recognize the value of true dialogue, this would be a sad development.

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Continuing my series of unsolicited testimonials I’ve received in response to my book Inspiration and Incarnation: Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament. This excerpt is from the Hebrew and Greek Reader blog of “Daniel and Tonya” in response to someone’s challenge for them to name “5 books or scholars that had the most immediate and lasting influence on how we read the Bible.” Here’s Daniel’s #2 choice:

Inspiration and Incarnation by Peter Enns – This book was given to me by my undergrad Hebrew prof during my first journey to an SBL Annual Meeting (Philadelphia ‘05). I was an undergraduate and had only been studying Hebrew for three months (and was pretty much lost at SBL). I asked my prof questions about Genesis that exposed my dispensational upbringing. Rather than giving me strait (sic) answers, he gave me this book and I am indebted to him for that. If you don’t have this book, get it.

Original post

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Below is the seventh of several posts continuing the exchange between Bruce Waltke and me, posted earlier on this site, that first appeared in the Westminster Theological Journal. Click here to read Waltke’s follow-up to that exchange (PDF), which has already appeared in the latest issue of WTJ (and is also posted here with permission.)

Read Part One of my response here.
Read Part Two of my response here.
Read Part Three of my response here
Read Part Four of my response here
Read Parts Five & Six of my response here

Here is part seven of my response to Waltke’s follow-up piece:

I Am too Sure of Myself, I Fail to Give Options Other than My Own, and I Give the “Appearance of Certainty” 

This is all probably true, but so is it of Waltke and pretty much anyone I read who is worth the time. We are all “sure of ourselves,” to a certain extent, convinced that what we have to say is worth listening to, which is why we write. Accusations such as this have little weight, since, as we have seen above, they are universally applicable.

Also, this type of accusation is really an indirect attempt to discredit the content of an argument and really has little to do with the manner of presentation. Had I argued for a model more to Waltke’s liking, and done so with as much vigor as he displays, would the same charge still be offered? Unlikely. To the contrary, I would be commended for taking a strong stand.

Of course, other options than what I offer are indeed possible. Other options are always available. If the history of biblical interpretation has shown us anything it is that anything is possible provided you have certain assumptions in place and you try hard enough to argue your point. The ultimate value of the different options, however, is to be determined by how persuasive they are in accounting for the data, not whether one fails to offer other options.

Later Revelation May not Contradict what “Earlier Texts Present as Truth”

The issue Waltke is addressing here concerns monolatry vs. monotheism in ancient Israel, i.e., whether at some point in time ancient Israelites believed that Yahweh was one god among others, but was the only one worthy of worship, or whether they only ever thought that Yahweh was the one and only divine being in existence.

Waltke seems to be saying that Israelites could not have moved from monolatry to monotheism, for, if this were the case, they would have moved from a “false” notion to a true one. Since God’s word can contain nothing false, this type of progressive revelation is a priori out of bounds.

Waltke does not seem to consider as theologically viable the notion that God can accommodate himself to ubiquitous ANE notions. Moreover, there are clear monolatrous statements in the Old Testament, statements, in other words, that can be shown to be monolatrous by rigorous exegesis (or not even all that rigorous). 

The issue of the advent of Israel’s understanding of monotheism is a perennial theological and historical problem (or better, it is a theological problem because it is a historical problem). It is not an issue that can be moved aside by appealing to God as the “inerrant Source” of Scripture, as Waltke does, unless it can be convincingly argued, contrary to exegesis, that the inerrant Source would not do such an unacceptable job at accommodation.

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Below are the fifth and sixth of several posts continuing the exchange between Bruce Waltke and me, posted earlier on this site, that first appeared in the Westminster Theological Journal. Click here to read Waltke’s follow-up to that exchange (PDF), which has already appeared in the latest issue of WTJ (and is also posted here with permission.)

Read Part One of my response here.
Read Part Two of my response here.
Read Part Three of my response here
Read Part Four of my response here

Here are parts five and six of my response to Waltke’s follow-up piece:

(5) Failure to Define Precisely What Divine Inspiration Entails with Respect to Scripture

That is correct, and is also correct of anything I have ever read on the topic, including Waltke’s recent articulations. Failure to “define precisely” describes us all. The point of books and articles is to move toward further precision and clarity, sometimes by offering grand, programmatic pieces, other times more focused studies.

An incarnational model is an attempt to define what inspiration entails by giving an account of the breadth of biblical phenomena, a small fraction of which was covered in I&I. The model may not be to Waltke’s liking, but pointing out imprecision, which is ubiquitous and unavoidable in these discussions, is not a counter-argument. The accusation of failed precision can find universal applicability, and so is not a compelling criticism.

Rigorous Exegesis is Needed to Defend an Incarnational Model
This criticism follows somewhat upon the previous one.

I want to stress that an incarnational model is not “my” model, which Waltke seems to imply. To be sure, I am applying it to issues that others have not and to an extent that some may not be comfortable with. I am very much aware of that. But the model itself is not one of my own devising.

I would say, though, that no model, including an inerrantist one, can be demonstrated on the basis of ‘rigorous exegesis.’ In fact, it is precisely rigorous exegesis that led me to question the model of inspiration Waltke seems to profess, and I am advocating something that I find more compelling as a point of departure, one that I argue accounts better for why the Bible looks the way it does.

(6) “The Community of Faith Must Judge”

I have heard this before and I remain puzzled by it. Who, exactly, is this community of faith, and in what sense do they judge? What does this even mean?

Does Waltke mean an ecclesiastical court or a judgment in the eyes of popular opinion? If the latter, is it a matter of trading anecdotal evidence? Or do we leave it to the self-proclaimed gatekeepers, of which there seems to be no lack nowadays. If the former, which court? Which denomination? And more importantly, on what basis should that court be judged competent to pass judgment on others on some of the technical matters under consideration?

This does not mean that Waltke is entirely wrong. In fact, I would say that submitting ideas to a community of faith for judgment is precisely what Waltke and I are engaged in here. We are a part of that process by which God’s people gain clarity. Rather than there being a court, outside of this discussion, popular or “official,” to which Waltke or I need to submit our work, we are an important step in that process. We are, in fact, among those whose advice any “court” should seek in an effort to reach informed conclusions.

I know what that sounds like: “Enns is arrogant. He thinks that you need a Ph.D. in Biblical Scholars in order to determine doctrine because they are the only ones who have enough expertise in the Bible.” No, I don’t mean that. But, neither do I find at all constructive the unguarded statements of those not trained in these matters who dismiss with little forethought the work of modern biblical scholarship, and make sweeping and binding pronouncements. And yes, these issues do require training in biblical and related studies to handle well on the level of sophistication needed. Neither ordination nor expertise in related disciplines qualifies one to determine the direction of these discussions.

I am not in any way, shape, or form advocating a separation of disciplines. Actually, I am calling for the exact opposite. As I have said on numerous occasions [e.g., this article, published in the Calvin Theological Journal], what is needed is true discussion among scholars of various disciplines to seek greater clarity about the nature of the Bible at a time when there is, to say the least, growing dissatisfaction with formulations that have been worked out in isolation from the very challenges we face.

Times have changed. We cannot rest on the comfort of a familiar past. There is much work to be done. There is no place for fence building or posturing.

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Continuing my series of unsolicited testimonials I’ve received in response to my book Inspiration and Incarnation: Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament.

Professor Enns,

I have followed the story of you and WTS with quite a bit of attention lately. I was in the audience of the ETS discussion of I&I a few years back and of course have read with profit your book and many of your other writings. As an outsider looking in at the situation you seem to have conducted yourself with admirable grace. I know that this must be a challenging time for you and your family and you are certainly in my prayers. Furthermore, I hope that you know that your book was not written in vain. It has spawned so many conversations between me and my fellow PhD-student friends (I am ABD at [A MAJOR RESEARCH INSITUTION and I just took a position at [AN EVANGELICAL SEMINARY]). I trust that the Lord will use your book in many fruitful ways now and in the future. To be sure, this is surely a watershed moment in evangelicalism and I pray that we will look back on it positively.

If you will be at SBL in Boston I would love to buy you coffee or lunch or something and chat. I wish you the very best.

Read why I am posting these and more I&I testimonials >>>

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This is the fourth of several posts continuing the exchange between Bruce Waltke and me, posted earlier on this site, that first appeared in the Westminster Theological Journal. Click here to read Waltke’s follow-up to that exchange (PDF), which has already appeared in the latest issue of WTJ (and is also posted here with permission.)

Read Part One of my response here.
Read Part Two of my response here.
Read Part Three of my response here

Here is the fourth part of my response to Waltke’s follow-up piece:

Waltke is No Fundamentalist
I can understand why, in view of my previous response, Waltke would want to point out that he holds views that are considered progressive and therefore problematic by fundamentalists. He is open to multi-authorship of Isaiah, an exilic date for the final form of the Deuteronomy, and theistic evolution. I am already aware of this, although those who look to Waltke to champion their fundamentalist causes should take careful note how much Waltke is conceding on these points. Waltke is to be commended for expressing himself so clearly.

Still, given the groundwork that Waltke has laid thus far, I wonder if he would not be more consistent if he did maintain a fundamentalist posture on these issues. For, as Greg Beale has recently reminded us (The Erosion of Inerrancy), any talk of multi-authorship of Isaiah is to discredit the very words of Jesus himself, who quoted from various portions of the book but referred consistently to “Isaiah.” If, after all, Scripture is the very truth of God revealed, and if there can be no foible or misrepresentation of historical fact, must we not take Jesus’ “testimony” with utter seriousness, lest we attribute to Scripture “nonsense” and “human error”? How can we arrive at conclusions Jesus himself did not and would not accept? The same goes for pentateuchal authorship, and most certainly for evolution. To accept these progressive views, even as a possible options, seems to me to be more problematic for Waltke than he admits.

I would suggest that for Waltke to maintain his progressive (and correct) views, he must employ a hermeneutic and derivative doctrine of Scripture that are more subtle than the principles he employs with respect to my arguments. In other words, I don’t think he can have it both ways. The manner in which he argues against some of my views discredits some of his own more progressive views.

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Continuing my series of unsolicited testimonials I’ve received in response to my book Inspiration and Incarnation: Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament.

Dr. Enns:

I’m sure you’re getting emailed to death. However, as a medical 
doctor who has struggled with the issues expressed in your book, I  appreciate your work.

Those of us who are true to science have always been confronted with 
 a false dichotomy from our fundamental friends, science and modern 
 thinking vs
 a “high” view of scripture..Many times i have almost had to walk 
 from my faith to keep my integrity.. Your incarnational model respects the Word of God but realizes it is 
culturally bounded and must to a degree be unlocked by critical 
intelligent reading. Anyway, know that there are educated Christians who appreciate your  putting your neck on the block.

Keep up the good work

Read why I am posting these and more I&I testimonials >>>

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This is the third of several posts continuing the exchange between Bruce Waltke and me, posted earlier on this site, that first appeared in the Westminster Theological Journal. Posted here is Waltke’s follow-up to that exchange (PDF), which has already appeared in the latest issue of WTJ (and is also posted here with permission.)

Read Part One of my response here.
Read Part Two of my response here.

Here is the third part of my response to Waltke’s follow-up piece:

Tensions and Paradox

It is the clear presence of “tensions and paradoxes” in the Bible (as Waltke puts it) that brought me to a recognition that Biblical Theology is a preferred reading strategy, embracing as it does the dramatic, narrative content of Scripture, and so is quite suited to address the theological diversity and contextual rootedness of Scripture.

I am glad Waltke acknowledges the presence of real tensions and paradoxes in the Bible, as I always knew he did. He clarifies, however, that this acknowledgment extends only to the point were no sorts of “foibles”(i.e., errors or other infelicities) result.

Apart from the problem we have already mentioned, that of determining the nature of “foible,” another issues is raised here. It is important to ask whether Waltke’s caveat does justice to his own principle that the Bible is “truth itself” (quoting WCF [Westminster Confession of Faith] 1.4). If Scripture is God’s revealed truth, consistent in all its parts, profitable for all sorts of correction, reproof, etc., is there really room for tensions and paradoxes of any sort at all? What purpose do these tensions and paradoxes have in a Bible that is, according to Waltke’s own standard, “consistent in all its parts?”

My answer is that they reflect the variegated human settings that the portions of the Bible were written in, and I have no further need to reconcile this fact with what is happening “in the mind of God” other than saying, “If we believe that the Bible is God’s word, then, quite obviously, God is OK with all of this.” The question now becomes “what do we learn about God from how he himself, in his wisdom, speaks?”

But Waltke’s principle, as outlined in WCF, does not allow that option. At best, it admits to the “tensions and paradoxes” somewhat begrudgingly, relegating them to the realm of mystery, and that are somehow reconcilable in “God’s mind.” In other words, their presence has no positive theological value. They are more unfortunate marks of Scripture that run afoul of confessional commitments but, as we all know, are “ultimately” reconcilable.

The assumption is that the reconciling of these tensions is what is required of a text that is of divine origin. And if they cannot be reconciled here and now, we “know” they can be reconciled eventually, and, presumably, God will one day show us all how the pieces all fit together. In the meantime, our task to make sure these marks of Scripture do not distract us from assessing Scripture’s nature. Waltke does not lay out this line of thinking explicitly, but it is there nonetheless.

For me, the tensions, etc., of the Bible are not there for us to see how clever we can be at reconciling them, nor how patient and faithful we can be to expect some future reconciliation. Rather, they are marks of God’s accommodation and so should be addressed deliberately with a view toward gaining positive theological information from them.

On a related point, Waltke points out that I do not address his statements that I&I imputes “foibles” to God. Perhaps, but I think the point of my previous response was to question the basis upon which Waltke determines what is or is not a “foible.” Again, this is no clever word game I am playing, nor is it a disingenuous stall tactic. Rather, this matter is central to the under discussion. And there is sufficient diversity in the church, both now and throughout history, to justify such a query.

For some, it is a “foible” to say that Genesis 1 reflects anything other than a literal, historical, even scientific account of things, since, otherwise, Scripture could not be “truth itself.” Others define “truth itself” in such a way that the mythic content and tempo of Genesis 1 are not a foible but part of what it means for God to speak in any meaningful sense in antiquity. Waltke is certainly more in the latter camp (although not as far as I am), but the more important issue is to determine on what basis such decisions should be made. This is very much on the table among conservatives and evangelicals, in my opinion—at least it should be.

Similarly, Waltke takes issue with the use of Pesher in the NT, which he dubs “unaccredited exegesis.” I am not sure exactly what that means, but it begs the question “accredited by whom and on what basis?” In a nutshell, this type of question lies at the heart of my previously published response, but I do not seem to have persuaded Waltke of its importance.

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This is the second of several posts continuing the exchange between Bruce Waltke and me, posted earlier on this site, that first appeared in the Westminster Theological Journal. Posted here is Waltke’s follow-up to that exchange (PDF), which has already appeared in the latest issue of WTJ (and is also posted here with permission.)

Read Part One of my response here.

Below is the second part of my response to Waltke’s follow-up piece.

Nonsense and Logic

Waltke is concerned to maintain basic parameters of logic and to keep God from speaking “nonsense.” I think, though, that the entire point of our exchange has been to determine what in fact we have the right to label as “nonsense” and what a biblically oriented “logic” looks like. I may be missing something, but Waltke does not seem to consider this option.

Waltke repeatedly asserts that such things as human error in Scripture (which Hodge and Warfield themselves admitted to exist, by the way—see their booklet Inspiration, 27-28), or things commonly understood as mistakes, are unworthy of a book of ultimately divine origin. I do not wish to play word games, but I must continue to insist that just what these words mean, i.e., how they are to be defined, are the very things that need clearer definition precisely by bringing “biblical behavior” to the forefront of our debates rather than quick appeal to theological prolegomena.

To pick one extreme example, for some (not Waltke) it is “nonsense” to consider the differences of historical representation among the four Gospels or the synoptic accounts of Israel’s history in the Deuteronomistic History (Dtr) and the Chronicler. Diverse historical presentations in Scripture are “nonsense” because, since God is the author of Scripture, and Scripture is therefore “truth itself,” there really can be no synoptic “problem.”

I think Waltke and I are on the same footing when we respond, “No, the Bible itself will not allow for such an assessment of the nature of Scripture. The data do not support the theory.”

In principle, this is were we both are, but I would suggest that a real difference between Waltke and me is the extent to which we are willing to go in applying this same principle to other biblical phenomena. So, for example, I seem to be more willing to allow “Bible in its historical context” to determine what type of “logic” the Bible demonstrates and what constitutes “nonsense.” I am not only willing (begrudgingly) but fully prepared to engage the Second Temple hermeneutical context of the Chronicler in order to explain the differences between his account of Israel’s history and that of Dtr, as well as how the NT authors employ the OT.

All of this can be phrased as a question: What limits do we put on the contextual, historical, situatedness of the Bible for explaining biblical phenomenon, and therefore the nature of Scripture, and WHY, ON WHAT BASIS, do we place those limits? Or put another way, At what point do we, should we, say, “No, since this is the word of God, we can only go so far”? Or yet another way, At what point in applying an incarnational model are we ascribing error to God rather than merely observing the Bible’s “human nature”? These are ways of phrasing the disagreement between us, and further clarity would be achieved if we all dug a bit deeper to expose and critically evaluate the foundations of our thinking. At this stage, I do not think Waltke’s response moves us to greater clarity.

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